Expressionism Is A Much Less Important Current In Sculpture Than In Pa

Expressionism is a much less important current in sculpture than in painting, since the ethnographic sculpture by the Fauves might have evoked a strong response among sculptors Only one important sculptor shared in this rediscovery Brancusi, a Rumanian, moved to Paris to study advanced art around 1904 But he was more interested in the formal simplicity and coherence of primitive carvings than in their savage expressiveness; this is evidenced in The Kiss which was executed in 1909 Brancusi had a 'genius of ommission' - to Brancusi a monument is an upright slab, symmetrical and immobile - a permanent marker like the styles of the ancients and he disturbed the basic shape as little as possible The Embracing Lovers are more primeval than primitive They are a timeless symbol of generations - innocent and anonoymous Brancusi's 'primevalism' was the starting point of a sculptural tradition that still continues today Until now, African pottery, wooden carvings, and textiles had been viewed essentially as handicraft because, it was argued, the religious, military, sexual, or decorative functions of the works suggested that they had not been created as art, to be appreciated for their own sake It was the magical and mystical quality of the Primitive African art that inspired Brancusi; and the quality that counted most Because the appreciation of art in African sub-cultures is closely related to its use in everyday life, there is a distinct contrast with the Western concern with conservation/preservation and appreciation of art within a home, museum, or gallery setting This is one of the primary reasons that many objects of African art have been placed within the categories of artifacts, handicrafts, folk art, or primitive art In addition, it is essential to understand African art as it is appreciated, conceived, executed, and used within the African culture from which it originated In this respect, the artist has been recognized--even though he or she may remain anonymous --and the objects he has designed and created have become valuable- in terms of their importance as they reflect the culture from which they are derived and the way in which they are valued and appreciated by their respective culture--and credible works of art It is this approach to African artistic production that will be used i n interpreting and drawing conclusions about the musical instruments described in these entries Objects of African art, previously referred to as primitive, functional artifacts, handicrafts, or tourist arts are now gaining the recognition and prestige that they have long deserved and are becoming more commonly referred to simply as art According to a recent New York Times article describing an exhibit concerned with bridging the gap between western and non-western art: Around 1910 Brancusi started to concentrate on two basic forms of such uncompromising simplicityie the Newborn or The Beginning of the World; and soaring vertical 'bird' motif, ie Bird in Space He was fascinated by the antithesis of life as potential and as kinetic energy We are not likely to understand the art of the past if we are ignorant of the aims it had to serve The further we go back in history, the more definite but also the more strange are the aims which art was supposed to serve The same applies if we leave towns and cities and go to the peasants, or better still, if we leave our civilized countries and travel to the peoples whose ways of life still resember the conditions in which our remote ancestors lived We call these people 'primitives' not because they are simpler than we are - their processes of thought are often more complicated than ours - but because they are closer to the state from which all mankind once emerged Among these primitives, there is no difference between building and image-making as far as usefulness is concerned Their huts are there to shelter them from rain, wind and sunshine and the spirits which produce them; images are made to protect them against other powers which are to them as real as the forces of nature P ictures and statues, in other words are used to work magic It is difficult to understand these strange beginnings of art unless one can enter the mind of the primitive peoples and find out

Complete Guide on How to Write a Medicine Research Paper

Complete Guide on How to Write a Medicine Research Paper In general, the faculty of Medical Sciences offers students three main degree programs that include Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Health Sciences, Bachelor of Health Sciences in Medical Laboratory Science. Want to get one of these degrees? Be ready to create the best medicine research paper writing. This research field may include a number of disciplines like Anatomy, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, and the others that are studied by students through research paper writing. To begin with, completing a research paper requires a set of good academic writing skills. A research paper on Medical Sciences is considered to be a scientific writing assignment that the majority of college undergraduates have to complete during their course. A number of students have some sufficient knowledge regarding one or another issue. But still, some of them face particular challenges while working on their written projects related to the field. Indeed, it is important to understand some essential peculiarities of research papers. Firstly, there is a basic structure to which you’re required to stick. Otherwise, your research paper won’t be coherent that makes it hard to use as a basis of the future analyses. Secondly, a research paper is written according to a formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) In the case with a medical research paper, you can be asked to use AMA that is characterized for medicine, health, and biological sciences. Thirdly, there is a variety of topics to cover in a research paper. All these and other important points of successful research paper writing are presented in the article. Go on reading to get closer to an A/A+ research paper on Medical Sciences. Choose a Research Problem and Find a Topic of Your Paper Firstly, you have to select a particular medical science issue to explore in a written form. There are some medicine research paper writing tips that can be useful for choosing the most appropriate topic of your college writing assignment. Firstly, make sure that the potential topics spark your interest as a young researcher. Answer the questions such as: Is it relevant to the field of study I will write my research paper? Is it interesting to research a particular topic? Does a specific topic contribute to the field of study? What is known about a research topic? If your answers provide you with the certainty that you are able to write on a particular topic, your chances to submit an A+ assignment are increasing. Secondly, make an attempt to find a topic for your writing on which you will have the opportunity to find a sufficient amount of information on. It is quite time-saving. However, don’t choose a topic that is thoroughly-investigated. This way you can just restate the well-known facts on Medicine. It is a field that requires new and new data to maintain the health of organisms. Thirdly, look for the materials that might be useful for your writing by taking notes on what a source is. It will be simpler to come back to an information source when you determine what topic you choose to write on. Finally, you have to narrow your research topic by relying on the materials you find among the credible sources. Yes, it may seem to be extra work to do the background research on a topic that won’t give any result. But be sure these vital step will help you develop the most effective topic for your research. You will get pleasure out of the writing process. Sometimes, college undergraduates are given a chance to find a research problem for their writing assignment. Hence, in the case, if you are free to choose a topic, try to focus on the specific fields of your interest. They may include different aspects of mental health, nutrition, substance abuse, aging, genetics, and other issues. An interesting example of a medical research assignment is the paper entitled â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention†. In this paper, it is needed to discuss the most common obesity-related health disorders faced by overweight children. Another part of the research paper may examine different ways of preventing this health issue. Additionally, you can look at the following list of topics on Medical Sciences List of the Medical Research Topics To Get Started Right Now Physician-Assisted Suicide Description, Evaluation, and Response; Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation; Health Consequences of Eating Disorders; Skin Cancer Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment; Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Its Benefits and Drawbacks. 3 Basic Pre-Writing Steps to Take for Success in Writing If you want the medicine research paper writing to flow smoothly, this section of the guide may be useful for you. So never neglect the basic prewriting steps. Use some important tips and recommendations related to the prewriting stage of research paper writing: Time management is one of the most important factors that influences your academic performance. Since each college assignment has a particular submission deadline date, you have to identify how much time is available to complete a research paper. For example, you can make a schedule what and when you will do to write a research paper. When you have chosen a research problem, define a topic of your paper, it is highly recommended to create an outline. You can use your computer to construct a brief and concise outline of your written assignment or do it on paper. As a result, you manage to organize your ideas in a logical and coherent manner. Keep it in front of your eyes to follow the flow of thoughts referring to the available resources needed for your research. In this case, an outline will help you find relevant sources faster without taking significant efforts. You can try brainstorming or free writing techniques to write the first draft of your research paper. Brainstorming is a considerably useful technique for writing the main ideas that will be mentioned in the paper. In this case, you can use bullet points or mind maps. Regarding another technique known as freewriting, you should write complete sentences and do not pay attention to the grammar and punctuation issues. The Only Structure of Medical Sciences Research Paper An academic research paper usually consists of parts without which it would look quite messy and difficult to follow the ideas. The structure that works for research papers includes an introduction, several main parts of the body and a conclusion. In most cases, body paragraphs of such scientific papers contain three main parts that are known as Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Such a structure of a research paper is regarded as the IMRaD format. However, some types of medical research papers, like clinical reviews have another structure. Ask an instructor about it. In addition to the basic structure, you may need to include some parts like Table of Contents, Acknowledgements, and Appendices. Writing an Outline for Medical Research First of all, an outline is regarded as a well-organized description of a research paper. Using this type of writing assignment, you have the opportunity to present your ideas in a logical sequence and coherent way. Respectively, an outline consists of an introduction, main body, and a conclusion. For illustration purposes, we can use the clinical review â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention†. The introductory part of your outline should be informative and engaging. Hence, your introduction should include a hook, which provokes the readers’ interest, and an effective thesis statement. A thesis statement is the main idea of your research that should be developed in the following parts of the paper. For instance, taking into account the topic mentioned above, a thesis of this paper should describe the impact of this disorder on the individuals’ health as well as the ways of its prevention. In turn, the body paragraphs should present the arguments related to your thesis that are supported by a scientific evidence. While creating a strong final part of your research paper, you have to provide a concise summary of the main ideas discussed in the paper. Writing a Scientific Research Abstract In general, an abstract is considered to be a brief overview of your medical research paper. The abstract for the other types of writing assignments is written in the same manner. Keep in mind that a good abstract has a particular structure you should follow. This section of the paper should discuss the importance of your research topic. Additionally, do not forget to mention the goal of your research. In this part, you can include the methods used to investigate the given topic. These points may include the design of your study, its variables, and some types of intervention used to manipulate the variables. Then, summarize your findings and try to connect the results of your research to the thesis statement. In the case, if you are assigned to write a medical literature review, this preopening part of the scientific research paper is usually regarded as an informative abstract. First of all, it should be written after the paper is already completed. In the informative abstract, you have to provide a brief and concise summary of your main thesis as well as the most important findings. Apart from that, it is essential to mention all the medical studies you have used in the process of writing the paper. 5 Tips to Write a Good Abstract State the purpose of your research and its main findings; Be concise while summarizing your arguments; Discuss the importance of your research findings; Describe the research methods that help you to get these findings; Include more than 250 and less than 500 words. X Main Components of a Medical Literature Review This section of the paper will be focused on the knowledge about a research topic and its analytical review. Let’s consider the example of the medical research paper on a topic â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention† that has been already mentioned. In this case, you are required to write an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. In the introductory part, you should identify a topic of the research and provide the background knowledge regarding this issue. In addition, it is required to introduce an appropriate context that will define your search of the literary materials. The introductory part of any research paper should contain a scope of the review. Taking into account the given topic related to obesity, this paper should include a general information not only regarding the dynamics of this health issue but also concerning the importance of your research. Another main component of the medical literature review is the main body. The interesting thing is that this section does not require the maintenance of a single structure, and all the body paragraphs may be organized in a different manner. In general, the structure of this section is fully dependent on the topic of the research. Coming back to our research paper topic, the main body of this writing can be broken up into three key sections. While the first one will be focused on the numerous risks of childhood obesity, the other two will describe the effects of this health issue and the preventative measures that could be taken. In conclusion, it is required to restate the thesis of the medical research paper. Respectively, you should analyze all the ideas mentioned in the paper and provide a brief summary of your research. Lastly, make sure that your conclusions regarding this health care issue are built on the scientific studies you have used in the paper. Editing and Proofreading as Final Stages of Your Writing The notion of proofreading involves the process of checking the paper for different errors. These errors may be either grammatical or typographical. What to do while proofreading a research paper? Use the following 3 tips on proofreading: Make sure that your paper is free of different grammatical errors. Such errors may be related to the use of tenses, the issue of subject-verb agreement, and the problem of incorrect word choices. Check your research paper for punctuation mistakes. The most common punctuation errors include the overuse of commas and semicolons, the interchange of hyphens and dashes, and the use of apostrophes. Find some spelling mistakes in your research paper. Pay close attention to the common spelling mistakes in English to avoid them in your paper. The editing stage is another important part of the revision process. Contrary to the proofreading stage, it is related to the structure of the paper as well as to its formatting issues. Your research paper can be edited on the following levels: Content. First of all, you should check whether your paper is written according to the given instructions. Make sure that your claims are clear and consistent and that your argument is complete. The adequacy of your evidence should be checked as well. Structure of a research paper. From this perspective, you should check whether your writing assignment has a clear introduction and an effective conclusion. A thesis statement should be included in the introductory part, and all paragraphs should be written in a logical sequence. Style correspondence. This issue implies the necessity to check whether the tone of your research paper is appropriate. Depending on the purpose of your paper, it can be formal, informal, or persuasive. Citations. Make sure that all your sources are cited according to the paper format required in the initial instructions. Common Mistakes That You Should Avoid in a Research Paper Use of the spoken language. Since your medical science research paper should be written using formal style, you cannot use the common language while writing your paper. In this case, try to use the alternative genders and pronouns. In addition, you can use the plural forms of nouns and pronouns to avoid using the gender-inclusive language. Use of non-credible sources. In the research paper, you have to use only reliable sources of information. Such sources may include books, academic publications, scientific articles that were taken from different medical journals, and the publications that can be found on the governmental websites. Inconsistent data and numerals introduced in the paper. In this case, it is highly recommended to introduce all the data in the medical research paper only after double checking. Follow this guide to make sure that it is not so difficult to write a research paper on Medicine even if it is late at night. You may be still in your room finishing some revisions and getting ready to submit your paper. Feel happy that you managed to finish a year’s worth of work as you know how to do the best medical research.

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue Research Proposal

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue - Research Proposal Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principal (GAAP) with regard to recognition of revenue is covered by FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.5. As per paragraph 83 of said SFAC No.5 , revenue â€Å"recognition involve consideration of two factors, a) being realized and realizable, and b) being earned, with some time one and sometimes the other being the most important consideration†. Both criteria are required to be accomplished before the revenue is recognized. The revenue is treated as realized when cash is received for sale of product; and revenue is termed as realizable when a promise to pay is received and that may be either verbal promise to pay or written in the shape of notes receivable. The second condition is that the revenue must be earned. Revenue is treated as earned when enforceable exchange takes place of considerations. That is to say deliveries of goods have been given and promise to pay has been received. Take the case of credit sales where goods have delivered at the time transaction was entered into. In such a transaction a verbal promise to pay has been created on acceptance of delivery by buyer. Accordingly it can be said that revenue has been earned at the time of occurrence of a verbal promise to pay. Again as per SFAC No.5 before recognition of a transaction four basic criteria namely, the arising of basic element of asset or liability or change in equity through such transaction, measurability, relevance, and reliability, are required to be fulfilled.

Celebrities Endorsement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celebrities Endorsement - Essay Example This model can be employed by the brand managers of a company for the selection of entities for their respective celebrity endorsement initiatives and also for capitalizing and leveraging on the accessible celebrity resources through the use of a 360 degree model of brand communication which acts as the primary platform for assessing the impact and outcomes of celebrity endorsement on the popularity and positioning of a company. Celebrity endorsement has emerged as one of the most popular techniques used in advertising in the contemporary corporate world. Celebrity endorsement is perceived as a metaphorical trend and a winning formula in the domain of marketing, advertising and brand perception building for a wide category of companies. The choice of a celebrity for the advertisement of any particular product or service is one of the most crucial and tough decisions that is faced by the brand manager of a company. This is because, once a celebrity is chosen for the endorsement of the brand or the product, then the customers and stakeholders of the company automatically establish a direct sense of association between the enduring celebrity and the company and its products (Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier, 2002). Celebrity endorsement is a commonly used marketing and branding strategy that is employed by different marketing and branding managers of a company to promote brands, services or products. Though initially, the celebrity endorsement strategy of marketing was significantly used in the skincare and cosmetic brands, nowadays, celebrity endorsements have become an important marketing strategy for all types of industries and companies. celebrity endorsement is considered to be highly effective marketing strategies because they can easily trigger public interest and awareness and also draw their attention to buying the particular product or service of a company.

Busines organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Busines organization - Essay Example ts have regarded the debts of the corporation to be that of its shareholders, thereby piercing the corporate veil.2 The separate legal existence of a company was established by the court in the Salomon case. 3 As such, in Salomon v Salomon, 4 their Lordships created the rule that a company constitutes a separate legal entity that is distinct from its members. 5 This provided the direction to contemporary company law and the character of private limited companies. 6 European statutory provisions have incorporated this significant maxim. The objective behind providing for a separate legal persona and limited liability is to promote investment, foster trade and to furnish entrepreneurs with an incentive to commence new business. 7 In addition, in Adams v Cape Industries plc,8 a complete review of the Salomon ruling was achieved by the Court of Appeal. This case considered liability inside a group of companies. The claimant, moved the court to render the parent company liable for the obligations of the subsidiary company. The Court of Appeal lifted the corporate veil on the basis of the following considerations; namely, faà §ade, agency and single economic unit. 9 In its judgment, the Court of Appeal declared that the corporate veil could be pierced if there was an express agency agreement between the subsidiary company and the parent company. The presumption of an agency relationship, strictly relied upon the presence of such an agreement. 10 The Court, also held that the veil could not be pierced, merely because the defendant company was a member of a group of companies and the corporate framework had been adopted to avert the liability of the defendant company. 11 GHI Ltd was working as a subsidiary of its parent company ABC Ltd. As such, GHI Ltd can be deemed an agent of its parent company ABC Ltd. Furthermore, in DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council,12 Lord Denning of the Court of Appeal held that the group of companies, in question,

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. There are about 845,000 dams around the world (Jacquot, 2009), the cumulative impact of all these dams could be enormous. So, it is essential to minimise the impacts due to dam construction on lives, property and environment. Identifying possible impacts, calculating risk and minimising the risk through the adoption of various techniques could help to lower the overall impacts. Major hazards associated with Dams throughout their lifecycle (Reservoir): Construction Phase: Construction of large infrastructure like dams demands massive amount of construction material, excavation process and vehicles, which directly impacts on the environment and society. Most of the equipments and vehicle engage on such activities use fossil fuel as the principal source of energy and contribute to the green house gas emission. The estimated emission from Glen Canyon dam during its construction phase was calculated as 800,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The risk of accidents due to the vehicles, construction activity and excavation process to the worker is probable. The construction site could be of special interest for some animal or plant, so this activity may lead to the disappearance such plant/animal from that area for ever. Operation Phase: The operation of dams also poses threat to the environment and people. The threat of dam failure during the operation phase due to various reasons may cause huge loss of life and property. There is always threat of drawing of people on the dam. The emission during this phase from the decay of biomass in the reservoir is obvious; the emission from the Glen Canyon dam during its operation phase was estimated to be 3,500,000 metric ton of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The failure of dam is the most destructive event of the entire lifecycle of dam. The details on dam failure are discussed separately below. Decommissioning Phase: This is the last stage of the life cycle of dam, this stage pose threat of sweeping the downstream areas (settlements, infrastructure, etc) and the lives. The emission from this stage is found as largest in comparison with construction and operation. The emission from the decommissioning of the Glen Canyon dam was calculated as 33,000,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca,2002), which was more than nine times the emission from the entire operation phase. Though the decommissioning work is done in controlled manner, the loss of property would not be as the dam failure. Environmental and Social consequences throughout a dams life: Construction Phase: Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years is to be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Transportation, excavation and construction: The movement of vehicles during the construction of dam contributes to emission to some extent and equally disturb the ecology there. The excavation and construction process both impact the ecology locally. Air pollution due to the dust can be expected. Operation Phase: Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane Generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, and Municio,1998). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer (Boyle, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, 1982). Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land is to be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Decommissioning Phase: Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, 2001). Dam Failure: One of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are (ICOLD, 1973): Overtopping Foundation defects Piping and seepage Conduits and valves Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding Causes of Dam Failure that occurred between 1075- 2001(NPDP, 2007) (Adopted from historic records of Dam Performance, 2007) On the basis of the above graph it can be said that, flood or overtopping of the dam wall stand far ahead from other causes of dam failure. Seepage and piping is on second position and rest of all are responsible for very less number of dam failures, this graph proves that the overtopping of dam is the major causes of dam failures. Cost of Dam Break: The cost of dam break consists of two components; reconstruction cost of dam and economic loss due to destruction and inundation downstream (Kuo, et al, 2008). Cost and Benefit from Dam: Dam construction is an expensive work and demands huge sum of money, but it provides extremely necessary things for running the society and development like energy and water for drinking and irrigation purpose. On the other hand it has some impacts on society and environment, some of which needs lots of money and time for restoration while others are irreparable. So construction of dam has its own pros and cons. Ways to minimise the occurrence of dam failure: Dam failure is the most destructive incident in the entire life cycle of dam, which may cause huge loss of life and property. So it is essential to ensure the safety of dam in order to protect the life and property. Some of the important steps essential for the reduction of dam failure and its impacts are as follows (MDE, 1996): Strict legislation should be promulgated by government for the construction of dam/ Reservoir. Routine deformation monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is necessary and if found faulty, corrective measure should be taken. In case of wall fracture, rock grouting (pressure pumping of cement slurry) can be done to reduce the risk of dam failure. Regular monitoring and maintenance could help a lot to prevent dam failure. Early warning system should be incorporated in the reservoir system to protect people and property downstream, in case of dam failure. Dam construction should not be allowed in the area of high seismic activity. Most of the nations make safety programme for the protection of dam. In USA most of the states are responsible for the safety of dams within their boundary and to ensure the safety they regularly follow the following procedure (Lane, 2008); Evaluate the safety of existing dam. Review plans and specification for safety and regulatory programme. Carry out periodic inspection on construction on new and existing dams. Review and approval of emergency action plan. Some measures to reduce other impacts on and due to dams: Management of catchment of river can help to reduce sedimentation on dam, which may include plantation on the catchment area, adoption of landside and erosion control measures for the upstream area of dam. The periodic cleaning of dams can help to reduce the load of sediments within a dam and help to reclaim the capacity to its original form. Fish ladder can help to restore fish migration to some extent. (source) The calculation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and estimation of probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probability of average return period for that river, could help to design the dam properly (CSCD,1985), which could prevent dam from failure. Monitoring should be carried out to control the breeding of mosquitoes in dam, if found, mosquito larvae must be controlled with the approved mosquito larvicide, so that the other aquatic organism will have minimal impacts from larvicide (DHF,2006). Rich picture of Dam and associated Impacts A Rich Picture illustrating impacts of dam on various aspects of environment and society Risk of Dam Failure with age: Percentage of different age groups of dam failures in Russia in comparison with the failures of world dams. (Adopted from Management of Impounded Rivers, Wang and Melching, 2007). Though age is one of the important factor for the dam failure as the walls and other infrastructures erodes or weakens with age, but it is not only the factor that causes dam failure; faulty structures, extreme weather events, sabotage, seismic activities etc also trigger to dam failure. The above graph showed that the highest number of dam failure was in the age group 0-10, which then gradually decreases as the age group increases. The defective structure can lead to dam failure even at its early age while the well constructed and well maintained dam can serve over hundred years. On the basis of above graph it can be said that aging in not the primary factor for dam failure and proper maintenance can lengthen the life span of dam despite of age, and does not show clear correlation with dam failure. One probable reason of less number of dam failures of the aged dam could be the proper maintenance and decommissioning before the dam failure occurs. Risk Assessment of dam failure: Risk assessment was calculated on the basis of data from Annex-3. High severity condition Total Occurrence= 11 Average time taken to repeat the events for the class IA (with more than 300 deaths) =11.1 year Average Death calculated=1111.1 Risk=Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths)=1/11.1-1111.1=0.09-1111.1=99.99 Therefore, Risk=99.99 per 11.1 year Risk calculation for overall dam failure Total occurrence of dam failure=46 Average gap between successive events=0.39 year Average death per event=357.91 Risk= Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths) Therefore, Risk= 1/0.39-357.91=2.6-357.91=930.5 person per 0.39 year Conclusion: References: Allen, C,R, 1982, Reservoir Induced Earthquakes and Engineering Policy, California Geology, 35, 11 Bednarek, A,T, 2001,Undamming Rivers: A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal, Environmental Management, 27,803-814. Boyle, G, 2004, Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University, Oxford CSCD,1985, Safety of Dams: Flood and Earthquake Criteria, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. DHF, 2006,Guidelines for Preventing Mosquito Breeding Sites Associated with Aquaculture Development in NT,Department of Health and Families, Darwin Gleick, P.H., 2009, Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China, Water Brief, 3, 139-150. Grant, E, G, et al, 2003, A Geological Framework For Interpreting Downstream Effects Of dams On Rivers, Water Science and Application 7, 209-225 Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998, 2nd International Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest Hossain, F, et al, 2009, Local Climate Change, EOS, 90,453-468 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam, assessed on 4 March, 2010. http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/srdamsafety.pdf, assessed on 20 May, 2010 http://npdp.stanford.edu/npdphome/Historic%20Performance%20of%20Dams.pdf, assessed on 20 May ,2010. http://www.damsafety.org/, assessed on 20 March, 2010 International Committee on Large Dams (ICOLD, 1973),Lessons from Dam Incidents,Reduced Edition, Paris Jacqot,J,2009, Numbers Dams; From Hoover to Three Gorges to the crumbling ones, Environmental Policy, http://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/08-dams-hoover-three-gorges-crumbling-ones, assessed on 17 May 2010. Kuo,J,T, et al, 2008,Dam Over Topping Risk Assessment Considering Inspection Programme, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 22, 303-313 Lane,N, 2008,Aging Infracture: Dam Safety, Congressional Research Service McGivering, J, 2006, Three Gorges Dams Social Impact, BBC , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/5000198.stm, assessed on 3 March 2010. MDE, 1996, Maryland Dam Safety Manual, Association of State Dam Safety Officials Pacca,S, 2007, Impacts from Decommissioning of Hydroelectric Dams: A life Cycle Prospective, Climate Change, 84, 281-294 Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.. Positive and Negative Impacts of Dam on the Environment, International Congress on River Basin Management, 760-769 Wang,Z,Y, and Melching, S, 2007, Management of Impounded Rivers Yewhalaw, D, et al, 2005, Malaria and Water Resource development: The Case of Gilgel-Gibe Hydroelectric Dam in Ethopia, Malar. J, 8, 21 Annex-1 (Part-A) PLAGARISM DECLARATION I declare that the work I am submitting for assessment contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other sources unless it is explicitly identified by means of quotation marks. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotation by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that either or both unidentified and unreferenced copying constitutes plagiarism, which is one of a number of very serious offences under the universitys code of practice on the Use of Unfair Means. Student No- 200910979 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A DAM CONTENTS PAGE NO. INTRODUCTION: 3 Major hazards associated with Dam: 3 Major environmental issues associated with dam 3-4 Catastrophes (Dam failure): Siltation Methane generation Fish migration Resettlement of people Fertility of the downstream plains Local climate change Impact on biodiversity Induced earthquakes Agricultural/ loss of forests Spread of disease Archaeological sites Decommissioning Key questions for part B 5 Draft Plan 5 References 6 Word Count- 1076 Word Limit- 1000 INTRODUCTION: Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. Yes, but what is th eproblem situation or concern? Major hazards associated with Dam: Dam failure: one of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are: Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure. Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding. Threat to human life due to drowning in dam. Major environmental issues associated with dam: Catastrophes (Dam failure): Dam failure often results huge loss of life, property and environment. During 20th century some 200 dam failures caused more than ten thousand people outside China and in the year 1975 only about quarter of million people were perished in the series of hydroelectric dam failure in China (Boyle, G, 2004). Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998). Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer(Boyle, G, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, F, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, C,R, 1982) Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land will be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, D, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years will be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, A,T, 2001). Key questions for part B: Answer to the following questions will be searched in the second part of this case study: What are the major hazards associated with dam and how the risk can be minimised? What are the approaches practised to minimise the impact on dam on environment and human? How the dam induced impact like sedimentation, obstruction on the fish migration route and increase in diseases carrier vector can be regulated? How the regulating body ensure the safety of dam? How the factors like politics and economy affect in the construction of dam? Draft Plan: Introduction Major hazards associated with Dam (Reservoir) Causes of Dam failure The possible impacts of such hazards Measures to minimise the impacts Environmental Issues associated with Dam Impact on agriculture and forest Impact on fish migration Impact on biodiversity Measures practised to minimise the impact Socio economic impact of Dam Abandonment and resettlement of displaced people Damages to ancient heritage (archaeological structure) Ways to minimise the damage to ancient heritage Cost Benefit Analysis of Dam Conclusion

Documentation and Fabrication in Phonography :: Music Essays

Documentation and Fabrication in Phonography ABSTRACT: In most general terms, my paper is about the mixture of agendas in the recording industry, where documentation, with its apparently educational implications, becomes difficult to distinguish from a range of distinct, even opposed, goals—which I group under the heading "fabrication." After a few historical remarks, I develop the concept of what I call works of phonography (WPs)—that is, sound-constructs created by the use of recording machinery. (Examples: rap music recordings, electronic compositions for tape machine, sonic pastiche's by pop groups such as Art of Noise.) I detail their ontological characteristics, as contrasted the features of ordinary musical works. WPs are—I claim—replete. (Their finest sonic details are constitutive of them.) They are autographic. (Authenticity of their instances is not tested by the allographic criteria we associate with ordinary musical works, namely, compliance with scores.) And they are phono-accessibleâ⠂¬â€that is, accessible only through playbacks of authentic instances of their record artifacts, e.g., cassette tapes, CDs, etc. I then turn to Theodore Gracyk's recent study of rock music (in his book Rhythm and Noise), arguing that his account is formally similar to my account of WPs. This raises the question of whether there be counter-examples to Gracyk's account—particularly of the sort that show his view to be too broad. I bring this to a focus finally by a comparison of rock recordings with jazz recordings—two classes that Gracyk tries to keep ontologically distinct. I argue that many classic jazz recordings are artifacts of the recording studio, no less than those Gracyk identifies as pure cases of rock music. In the same vein, I argue that, once recorded, the improvisational music of jazz is deformed—indeed, that it acquires features of WPs. This has the further implication that Gracyk cannot preserve his sharp distinction between rock and jazz records that he want's to maintain. I. Like Evan Eisenberg, who argued that sound recording has opened up entirely new kinds of musical experience unknown in the age of mere live performance,(1) Ted Gracyk has opened his ears to what Walter Benjamin had to say about mechanical reproduction. Both see sound recording not as a mere convenience but as fraught with broader implications. In his recent book, Gracyk has brilliantly described, not only the phenomenology of rock sound, but how the technology has made possible a type of musical work unknown in the age of mere live music.(2) The recording industry has lived mainly by what might be the called transparency perspective, according to which the analogy for a sound recording is a transparent window pane through which we can view, undistorted, the object of our interest.