Feminism Essay examples - 586 Words

Feminism Feminism is the belief that women should have economic political and social equality with men. This term also refers to a political movement that works to gain equality within a male and female relationship. In a male and female relationship both the roles of the male and female should be equal. Equal in many ways ten one: they should trust each other, share responsibilities, listen to one another, respect each other, and of course love one another equally. This type of relationship is not found now a days because of the many traditions which imply that women are inferior to men. They also imply that women should stay home all day watching soap operas, taking care of the children, and making the food for their tired husbands†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nagging wives† have always been a problem with husbands. The thought of marriage frightens many people because of the â€Å"nagging wife† this has been passed on from generation to generation. The many stories told by the very own family members of the husband and the wife arguing all day long. Marriage, today, is not considered in many times a happy thing, some people think that there is nothing to look forward, in most cases because men think that women will change on them and start â€Å"nagging† at everything. Many times in life men do not think that women can do the same things that they can; whether it’s picking up boxes or being president. There will always be that â€Å"macho man† thought of the man being stronger than the woman. In many jobs women might do the exact same thing that men do except men are getting paid more than women even if it is an insignificant amount, it happens in many places and even though many people disapprove of it there are still jobs like that out there. And there are still employers who think that a woman should not be in the work force if so home. Many feminist have been working to solve this problem and there are still people who are working to solve and change many more of these problems, and even though in some places it doesn’t seem like it, feminism and feministsShow MoreRelatedFeminism : A Studies Of Feminism1559 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism 6 Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES:A STUDIES OF FEMINISM PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES: A STUDIES OF FEMINISM CUIYI P. Student Pasadena City College Feminism 1 Psychology Studies: a Studies of Feminism What Does it Means to Run Like a Girl 21th Century Earlier Centuries Feminism became a hot topic in 21th century, but anyone know what is Feminism means? Definition on Macmillan Dictionary says, Feminism is the belief that women should have the sameRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreFeminism : The Facade Of Feminism3220 Words   |  13 Pages1A 10 December 2014 The Facade of Feminism Feminism has been around for many years. During the 19th century, feminism has had a massive effect on the female role in society and in everyday life. The term feminism emerged from the 20th century to express a broader set goals for women around the world. The majority of women want to have the same equal rights as men and women are willing to fight until they unite and become treated equally as one. The word feminism is a complex and paradoxical termRead MoreFeminism1121 Words   |  5 PagesFEMINISM Introduction to Sociology Feminism Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The movement organized around this belief. Feminism Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general movement to empower women worldwide. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it. Feminism The goals of feminism are: To demonstrate the importance of women To reveal that historically women have been subordinate to menRead MoreFeminism, And Existentialist Feminism1780 Words   |  8 Pageswho is giving, caring, and dependable. These may sounds like worthy qualities at first, but together they form a major source of oppression for any caregiving figure, and different feminist theories such as care-focused feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, and existentialist feminism all have something to say about it. Motherhood is certainly a necessary role in a family and even in society, but the social construction around this role has led to many different ideas about the way mothers and caregiversRead MoreFeminism : The Marks Of Feminism1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe Marks of Feminism Throughout history and still today women fight against stereotypes and oppression for the sole fact that they are women. Stripped of human rights and equality in comparison to men, women deserve to stand on the same pedestal men are preciously placed upon simply because they are all human. A majority of people, including some women, invalidate the need for feminism by claiming that women often place themselves in lower positions than men. Feminists, however, would argue thatRead MoreFeminism : The Second Wave Of Feminism1222 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is feminism? Feminism is a definition to philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is based on a social political and economical which is an equality for women. It’s a revolution that includes women and men who who wish the world to be equal without boundaries. The evolution of the rights of women in Australia owes much to successive waves of feminism, or the women s movement. The first of these took place in the late 19th century and was concerned largely with gainingRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave Feminism1516 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica from 1960s into the 1980s which was later spread into Europe and parts of Asia. Compare to first-wave feminism in which advocates sought for women suffrage, this feminist movement, which had a broader and deeper influence, focused on dealing with issues which hindered legal sexual equality, rights to reproduce as well as family roles. This feminism movement is named the Second-wave feminism. It was politically powerful and influential that it obtained significant gains including the pass of theRead MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 PagesAs the feminist revolution has advanced so has the definition of feminism. In 2017 feminism means something completely different than what it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, gend er norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchyRead MoreFeminism : The First Wave Of Feminism1267 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a movement calling for social change, holding to a belief that women are oppressed by American society due to patriarchy’s inherent sexism. This social movement explained quite simply started in the 19th century when women fought for the right to vote, sought to improve workplace conditions for women as well as increase working opportunities. From this initial movement, called first wave feminism, stemmed other waves that though somewhere in the same vein, they held many differing goals

Europe During The 17th Century - 2306 Words

Europe during the 16th century went through many changes. Due to the Renaissance and Humanism, Europe would see a great change in its structure, thus throwing itself into an age of creative individualism. The Renaissance infused Humanism into government and gave every man a right to his own will and future. This century also saw growth in the form of new lands, reformed government, and technological advances such as the printing press, which could not have arrived at a more perfect time. Europe was more literate and eager to learn than ever before, which can be credited to the Renaissance, and rapid growth of university. The mid 1500s also marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. All of these things considered, the Protestant Reformation may have been the most revolutionary event for Europe in the 16th century. It changed the way humans think about the Catholic Church and its politics. The importance of this reformation could not have been better stated than by Steven Kris in his lecture on the Protestant Reformation: It was the Reformation that forced people to make a choice -- to be Catholic or Protestant. This was an important choice, and a choice had to be made. There was no real alternative. In the context of the religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, one could live or die based on such a choice. As he stated, the choice that the people of Europe faced was one of major consequences. For example, Queen Mary or Bloody Mary, as she was also known,Show MoreRelatedBriefly Explain What Is Meant by the â€Å"Scientific Revolution† That Took Place in Seventeenth Century Europe, and How It Marked a Departure from Ancient and Medieval Philosophy.1603 Words   |  7 PagesCIVILIZATION I Briefly explain what is meant by the â€Å"scientific revolution† that took place in seventeenth century Europe, and how it marked a departure from ancient and medieval philosophy. The term  Scientific Revolution  refers to a period in the  17th century  when the intellects of Europe had a revolution. This was an illustrious time for science and the initiation of modern science. During that period famous people such as Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and  Isaac Newton  all lived and contributedRead MoreThe Military Revolution1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthe virtuosity of war between 1560 and 1660. The changes crucially influenced campaigning and combat in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The most influential alterations included transformation in weapons, growth in the army size, change in tactics and organization, and centralization of the states’ bureaucracies. There were many battles in the late 17th and early 18th centuries that were highly influenced by the implications of the military revolution, for example, the BattlesRead MoreThe Baroque Style Of The 19th Century753 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Social: In 17th century large numbers of artists traveled to Rome to develop themselves, to work and study and Nicolas Poussin born in French spend significant time I Rome as well. Rome attracted the young artists not only with the many regulations that being extended by the Church but with the opportunity to learn from the past masters I art. Most of the 17th century was dominated by the baroque style, whose expressive power was well appropriate to the needs of the Counter-Reformation Church forRead MoreThe Influence Of The European Age Of Exploration1149 Words   |  5 PagesEuropeans in the 15th through 17th centuries were conquerors as they conquered the world. They engaged in intensive exploration and early colonization of many parts of the world, and they established direct contact with Africa, the Americas, and Asia. The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration was during this period of time. The Age of Exploration was when the Europeans traveled around the world in search of different things. This is when Europeans conquered different parts of theRead MoreI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Reflection Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesstrike him at first, but as he became lonely and sad he realized the emotional escape they provide. of law. These strict codes made Sweden very prosperous by having well-controlled citizens and fewer riots. Soon he became a renowned ruler throughout Europe. The impact of this was very great and allowed Sweden to advance in warfare. With the citizens under control and their natural rights stripped, Charles XII went onto defeat Russia in the Battle of Narva. Russian soldiers lost about 10,000 men at theRead MoreA Brief Note On The 18th And 18th Centuries1444 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Cappock The 17th and 18th centuries were a period in Europe where the country was driven by agriculture. New ideas and technologies were invented which led to an increase in crops leading to The British Agricultural Revolution. As a direct result of the crop yields, small landowners weren’t able to profit therefore leaving their farms and migrating to smaller cities where they mostly worked in factories. This led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Although there areRead MoreThe Age Of Globalization Began In The 17Th Century When1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe age of globalization began in the 17th century when different parts of the world came in contact with one another by establishing trade relations. While globalization connected different parts of the world, it also gave rise to capitalism. The events leading up to globalization and in turn, capitalism, are interpreted differently by historians such as Timothy Brook, in his book Vermeer’s Hat and by Gre g Grandin, in his book Empire of Necessity. This essay focuses on the interpretations of globalizationRead MoreThe Importance of the Scientific Revolution to Europe1176 Words   |  5 Pagesit so important to Europe? What did the scientific revolution help develop during time? These are some of the questions that many ask themselves when asked to define scientific revolution and enlightenment in the 17th/ 18th century. The terms â€Å"Scientific Revolution† and â€Å"Enlightenment† are used to describe two important phases that Europe came across during the 1500s to the 1800s. The 17th century scientific revolution left a huge impact on Europe leading it to the 18th century enlightenment. TheRead More50 Worst Ways to Die817 Words   |  4 Pagesways people were executed in Europe during the time period we are studying. My intent here is not to â€Å"gross you out.† It is not even to shock you. The sad fact is that throughout history, especially in Europe, p eople have thought of incredibly cruel and barbaric ways to punish those who have committed crimes. This, unfortunately, is part of history. As you are aware, we are currently studying the Renaissance and the continuing development of nation-states. During this time, some monarchs triedRead MoreEssay about The Atlantic System1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Atlantic System affect Europe, Africa, and the Americas? (The Earth and Its Peoples, 500) The movement of goods, people, and wealth in the late 17th and 18th centuries permanently changed societies across the continents of Europe, Africa, and North and South America, thereby increasing the reach of globalization in the modern age. Most influential to this movement was what is sometimes referred to as â€Å"The Atlantic Circuit†, a triangle of trade between Western Europe, western Africa, and the West

Adele Rise of the Mummy (Movie Review) Free Essays

Movie Review ADELE: RISE OF THE MUMMY Adele: Rise of the Mummy is a movie adaptation of the comic series of Jacques Tardi and directed by Luc Besson (â€Å"The Fifth Element†). The genre of this is more on adventure, action and comedy. It tackles about the adventures of the author Adele Blanc-Sec on her search for the mummy Patmosis, physician of the great pharaoh Ramses II of Egypt. We will write a custom essay sample on Adele: Rise of the Mummy (Movie Review) or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the help of Esperandieu, a physicist, and his concept of life after death, the plan is to resuscitate Patmosis to cure her paralyzed/almost dead sister. The story doesn’t only focuses on the concept of mummy but also to a pterodactyl which was hatched after 135 million years. It also narrates reality stuffs, the policeman, the commissioner, and those higher to them on how they use their influence, the scientists and their role in science relating to present issues. It is quite of lousy tactics when it comes to graphics. The pterodactyl seems to be not so realistic, though mummies were really nice. Also, the props used such as the breath analyzer which was used in the earlier part is catchy, the telephone and typewriter are of some antique kind. The emotions also have a spec and shifting of these emotions is suitable with regards to the scenes. For example, it goes sombre when Adele talks about her sister, and goes ra-ta-tat when Adele is in situation where she’s desperate. The humor that evolved throughout the film is of limited access to most of the audience since most of them are French â€Å"thing†. Such stuffs are mostly inside jokes about French politics, cuisine, and the museum itself. Some are clearer upon second viewing. The movie didn’t catch the bottom part of Filipino taste when it comes to comedy films. However, the film is quite educational and interesting in its own simple way, introducing the minor Egypt culture when it comes to mummifying bodies, stating most traditions like pharaohs usually bring with them their slaves and gold upon dying. The concept of life and death was also mentioned, relating it to some kind of scientific issues. The title itself is intriguing. True that the mummy rise from the grave, but what happens next is quite unexpected since it was drolly funny. Thumbs up for Besson for a job well done. I never imagined watching this one in such manner. And that is the twist that invites laughs of genuine amusement, not derision. How to cite Adele: Rise of the Mummy (Movie Review), Essay examples

Taxation Practice Law Business Source

Question: Case study 1: Residence and source Fred, an executive of a British corporation specializing in management consultancy, comes to Australia to set up a branch of his company. Although the length of his stay is not certain, he leases a residence in Melbourne for 12 months. His wife accompanies him on the trip but his teenage sons, having just commenced college, stay in London. Fred rents out the family home. Apart from the absence of his children, Freds daily behavior is relatively similar to his behavior before entering Australia. As well as the rent on the UK property, Fred earns interest from investments he has in France. Because of ill health Fred returns to the UK 11 months after arriving in Australia. Requirement Discuss whether Fred is a resident of Australia for taxation purposes. Case study 2: ordinary income Explanations of the respective outcomes reached by the courts in the following cases which all involving sales of land I. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159II. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188III. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLRIV. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070V. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135VI. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897VII. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620VIII. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487(16 marks, max. 2000 words). Answer: 1. This case highlights the provisions relating to residence and source in Australia. Fred is an executive of a British Corporation who had specialization in management consultancy. He came to Australia to set up a branch of his company. The length of his stay was not at all certain so he had leased a residence in Melbourne for twelve months. He has accompanied his wife on the trip but his teenage sons, having just commenced college, stayed in London. His children didnt accompany him. Finally Fred had rented out his family home. Only his children was absent otherwise his behaviour in Australia was very similar to his behaviour before entering Australia. Apart from the business income and rental income he also had a property in U.K. From where he used to get rent. Apart from this he also had certain investments in France from where he earns interest. But due to his ill health he had to return back to London. He planned to live in Australia for twelve months but could stay for eleven mont hs due to his health.(Bobinozcom, 2016) As per Australian Taxation law there are certain provisions which a person need to be fulfilled to be considered as an Australian resident. The condition which needs to be fulfilled is discussed below: Family should be residing in Australia and even the business should be there. All the assets which the concerned person is having should be in Australia. The intention of the concerned person should be to stay in Australia. His living and social arrangements should also be in Australia. If a person has stayed in Australia for more than six months then he shall be considered as a resident of Australia.(Findlawcomau, 2016) If most of the above mentioned conditions are satisfied then the concerned person would be regarded as a resident of Australia. If we analyse the case of Fred then we can observe that he has satisfied most of the conditions mentioned above.(Tracy watkins, stuffconz, 2016) Fred had planned to stay in Australia for twelve months but unfortunately due to his bad health he had to stay for eleven months. This shows that he had stayed in Australia for more than six months. Even though his intention is not to stay in Australia permanently but he is opening a branch here and had also leased a residential home. He came to Australia with his wife but without his two teenage sons. Now since he has opening a branch in Australia, he would be frequently travelling to Australia and would also earn income from his business. He would be having certain assets in Australia as well. After considering all these factors it could be concluded that Fred is considered as a resident of Australia. Just that he didnt stayed in Australia for a long time does not say that he is not a resident, he has satisfied the basic condition which is to stay in Australia for more than six month. Hence, Fred is considered as a resident of Australia.(Austliieduau, 2016) 2. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris If a person has investment and to gain some profit if he is selling it at a very high price then the difference between original cost and the selling price is to be considered as profit. This definition of profit is as per general principle. In such kind of a scenario the profit earned is considered as a part of business.(Atogovau, 2016) In the said case Court had declared that the transaction entered was for the profit purpose. The main reason behind this judgement was that the property was purchased for the purpose of being resold at a profit. Here the intention was to sell the property at profit and not a regular business transaction. If it would have been a regular business operation transaction then Court would have given judgement in favour of the assesse. But since the motive was to earn profit, it was chargeable as an ordinary income. Assess needs to pay tax on the profit earned. It would be taxable under the head Business Income. This is not a generic judgement given by the court; it was purely based on facts. The judgement could be taken as reference in other cases as well but should not be regarded as provisions. The judgement should vary based on the facts of the case.(Bondeduau, 2016) Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T The company had a mining land which it had purchased several years ago. But the problem was that the land was not at all doing well since nothing was there. So company decided to construct roads and several other attractions with the help of which land can be sold at a better price some of the portions were even given to public institutions like schools and churches. (Cchcomau, 2016) In this case Court had given a decision which was not in favour of the company, since Court had an assumption that the land was bought to earn profits. But the actual scenario was something else; company had bought land for some mining purpose. Since the mining land was not doing well, they had constructed roads, some other monuments as well. Since the court decision was not in favour of the company, it had appealed further to Judicial Terrain. Judicial Terrain held that the roads and other things were built since the land was not doing well. It had overturned the decision which was given by the company. The final decision which was given by Judicial was in favour of the company. Now the profits earned from the land would not be assessable and tax under Australian Income Tax law. So it shows that profits would be held taxable depending upon case to case basis.(Austaxpbrcomau, 2016) FC of T c Whitefords Beach Pty Ltd In the case between FCT v Whitefords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR original shareholders of the company sold shares to three development companies which acquired the company with an intention of subdividing, developing and selling the land at a profit. Even the articles of the companies to capture this intention. In the majority of the similar cases High Court had held that such profits would be assessable under Section 26(a) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936.(Tvednetau, 2016) This case is very similar to the above case of Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FCT. Judge held that actions taken by the company was more than a mere realization of a capital asset and also constituted business of land development. Gibbs stated that if a taxpayer does no more than realise an asset then in such cases profits need not be taxable. It does not matter that how the taxpayer has gone to realise the asset in an enterprising way. Just that the taxpayer has realized an asset does not mean that it is converted into the business. But if the same is considered as an operation of business the all the realization and profits should be taxable. Then it would be considered as an ordinary income and would be taxable under the Income Tax Act. The said decision was completely different with the decision given in the Scottish case. As it was discussed in the Scottish case that in such cases decision needs to be taken based on the facts of the case, Decision will differ based on diffe rent facts of the case.(Lexisnexiscomau, 2016) Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC The said case was between Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070, where the applicant said that the amount of $62,884 should not be considered as income as per the ordinary concepts. It should not be considered as a profit arising from the sale of any property. There were several conclusions drawn from the case like land became the property of the owners only at the time of partnership. Hence, there was no venturing of the land in any property development exercise. Owner had also decided to sell the land rather than keeping the land with themselves. After the death of the owner the deceased decided to sell the land rather than continuing with it and finally the nature of sale was not into venturing of capital in the business and it was neither a part of setting up of the business. (Atogovau, 2016) Finally the Court had given the following orders in respect to the said case: Commissioner should pay the costs of the appeal which applicant had to bear. Appeal should be allowed and objection which was raised in 1983 has to be upheld. The income which was derived in the said case would be reduced by the amount of $62,884.(Morsegroupcomau, 2016) Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 This case was about a father and a son where a father had given his son an Action View farm. This farm was given as a gift to his son. The farm is mainly used by his son for some agricultural activities like dairy production, cropping and beef and sheep implementation. But the biggest issue in this case was that all these activities were not generating profit. So son had decided to sub-divide the land and sell it off. He was under a lot of debt, hence to reduce the debt he has decided to sell the land and earn some profit. The land was then divided into several sub-divisions. After this the commissioner had decided to tax the profit as per Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. The basis on which this decision was taken was that land was sub-divided only for the reason to generate profits. Hence commissioner had decided to tax the earned profits.(Cchcomau, 2016) It was concluded that the tax payer was not carrying on the business of land development. The conclusion was on the basis that the sub-division of the farm was done on piecemeal basis to reduce debt. There was no plan made by the tax payer to dub-divide the land. If the farm was earning profits then he might not have sub-divided the land. He didnt have any intention to sub-divide the land. Even the largest part of the farm was not sub-divided, this shows that his intention was not to sub-divide or sell the land. Hence it was concluded that the taxpayer had acquired the land for residential and primary production purpose. (Cgwcomau, 2016) Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T Moana Company had purchased a land which was full of sand and the purpose to purchase the land was to selling off the sand. Hence on the basis of this commissioner had decided to tax the profit earned based on the provisions of Section 25(1) and the second part of Section 26(a). But when the land was purchased initially it was taken for doing some business activities.(Atogovau, 2016) While the Court referred to the need for a main purpose of profit making by resale for the operation of the first limb under section 26(a), no rationale for excluding such. This case did not provide strong authority for the proposition even though it supports the Commissioners stance. This case was very different from the case of Kratzmann because the sale of land was the main purpose of the company. Hence at the end the appellant case of rejected since it was very different from the Kratzmann case. Hence the income derived from the sale of land needs to be charged under Income Tax Assessment Act.(Austaxpbrcomau, 2016) Crow v FC of T In the case of Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 farmer had borrowed hefty amount of money so that he could purchase five blocks of land over a period of 10 years. The farmer had used the land for farming, growing crops and grazing but later on it was sub-divided. After the two years of purchase and then over a number of years he had almost sold around fifty-one blocks. By selling these fifty-one blocks he had earned an overall net-profit of $388,288. On the basis of these facts Court had held that land was used for earning profits. Since he was carrying on the business of land development. Court had acknowledged that in starting land was used as a farm but evidence was found that the farmer had known about the outset because of the size of the debts entered into that some kind of land would need to be sold. In this case various properties were purchased and then eventually sub-divided. These sale of parcels of land involved transactions which were very repetitive and systematic and had the features of continuing business of land development. This case was distinguished with the Scottish Australian Mining case that the property was used as a mine for much longer period of time than the farming business in the current case.(Cchcomau, 2016) All the transactions which were entered by the tax payer clearly show that his intention was to earn profit. His activities were viewed as carrying on business of land development and profit would be considered income as per the Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. As per the Taxation Ruling TR 92/3 it was not clear that what the High Court meant by profits made in the ordinary course of business. Hence two types of office would come under such descriptions which are: Transaction not directly entered in its main business activity; instead it should be incident to the business activity of the tax payer. Profits and gains should be arrived from the latter. Profits arising from transactions which are a part of ordinary business.(Tvednetau, 2016) McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In this case McCurry had purchased a land on which an old house was already there. Then the company decided to remove the house and build three townhouses on the land. They had tried to advertise these townhouses for sale before its completion but unfortunately it was not successful. Due to this family had decided to move into two of the townhouses and live there for almost one year at which they were sold resulting in a total net profit of $150,000. Then after some time they purchased a second block of land where they constructed units and then sold them. On the basis of this court has decided that profits needs to be considered as assessable income since it was resulted from a commercial profit making activity. This case was gone beyond just a mere realization since properties were put in the market prior to the completion.(Atogovau, 2016) Hence the court held that the property was used for mere intention of selling the property. The income or profit derived from the sale needs to be taxed under the Income Tax Assessment Act. Both the brothers need to pay tax on the profit which was derived by selling the property.(Chefseitede, 2016) References Atogovau.(2016).Atogovau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 Atogovau.(2016).Atogovau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002483/00001 Atogovau.(2016).Atogovau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=TXR/TR923/NAT/ATO/00001 Atogovau.(2016).Atogovau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002483/00001 Austliieduau.(2016).Austliieduau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240 Austaxpbrcomau.(2016).Austaxpbrcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_36218 Austaxpbrcomau.(2016).Austaxpbrcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://austaxpbr.com.au/document/PBR_3062 Bobinozcom.(2016).Bobinozcom.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.bobinoz.com/blog/807/6-ways-to-emigrate-to-australia Bondeduau.(2016).Bondeduau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1211 Cchcomau.(2016).Cchcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio549860sl16841994/federal-commissioner-of-taxation-v-whitfords-beach-pty-ltd-high-court-of-australia-17-march-1982 Cchcomau.(2016).Cchcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio539843sl16716249/casimaty-v-fc-of-t-federal-court-of-australia-10-december-1997 Cchcomau.(2016).Cchcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/document/atagUio545564sl16800674/crow-v-federal-commissioner-of-taxation-federal-court-of-australia-17-august-1988 Cgwcomau.(2016).Cgwcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.cgw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Tax-and-GST-issues-with-small-property-developments-Greg-Cahill-May-2015.pdf Chefseitede.(2016).Chefseitede.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://chefseite.de/gb/index.php?sgb_option[suche] Lexisnexiscomau.(2016).Lexisnexiscomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/campus/study-help/taxation/understanding-taxation-law-2012/documents/utl12solch14.pdf Morsegroupcomau.(2016).Morsegroupcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.morsegroup.com.au/files/docs/white papers/morse group_white paper_selling the farm piecemeal.pdf Findlawcomau.(2016).Findlawcomau.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4297/how-are-permanent-residency-visas-granted-in-austr.aspx Tracy watkins, stuffconz.(2016).Business Insider Australia.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-door-just-opened-for-thousands-of-new-zealanders-to-become-australian-citizens-2016-2 Tvednetau.(2016).Television Education Network.Retrieved21 August, 2016,from https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfm

Expressionism Is A Much Less Important Current In Sculpture Than In Pa

Expressionism is a much less important current in sculpture than in painting, since the ethnographic sculpture by the Fauves might have evoked a strong response among sculptors Only one important sculptor shared in this rediscovery Brancusi, a Rumanian, moved to Paris to study advanced art around 1904 But he was more interested in the formal simplicity and coherence of primitive carvings than in their savage expressiveness; this is evidenced in The Kiss which was executed in 1909 Brancusi had a 'genius of ommission' - to Brancusi a monument is an upright slab, symmetrical and immobile - a permanent marker like the styles of the ancients and he disturbed the basic shape as little as possible The Embracing Lovers are more primeval than primitive They are a timeless symbol of generations - innocent and anonoymous Brancusi's 'primevalism' was the starting point of a sculptural tradition that still continues today Until now, African pottery, wooden carvings, and textiles had been viewed essentially as handicraft because, it was argued, the religious, military, sexual, or decorative functions of the works suggested that they had not been created as art, to be appreciated for their own sake It was the magical and mystical quality of the Primitive African art that inspired Brancusi; and the quality that counted most Because the appreciation of art in African sub-cultures is closely related to its use in everyday life, there is a distinct contrast with the Western concern with conservation/preservation and appreciation of art within a home, museum, or gallery setting This is one of the primary reasons that many objects of African art have been placed within the categories of artifacts, handicrafts, folk art, or primitive art In addition, it is essential to understand African art as it is appreciated, conceived, executed, and used within the African culture from which it originated In this respect, the artist has been recognized--even though he or she may remain anonymous --and the objects he has designed and created have become valuable- in terms of their importance as they reflect the culture from which they are derived and the way in which they are valued and appreciated by their respective culture--and credible works of art It is this approach to African artistic production that will be used i n interpreting and drawing conclusions about the musical instruments described in these entries Objects of African art, previously referred to as primitive, functional artifacts, handicrafts, or tourist arts are now gaining the recognition and prestige that they have long deserved and are becoming more commonly referred to simply as art According to a recent New York Times article describing an exhibit concerned with bridging the gap between western and non-western art: Around 1910 Brancusi started to concentrate on two basic forms of such uncompromising simplicityie the Newborn or The Beginning of the World; and soaring vertical 'bird' motif, ie Bird in Space He was fascinated by the antithesis of life as potential and as kinetic energy We are not likely to understand the art of the past if we are ignorant of the aims it had to serve The further we go back in history, the more definite but also the more strange are the aims which art was supposed to serve The same applies if we leave towns and cities and go to the peasants, or better still, if we leave our civilized countries and travel to the peoples whose ways of life still resember the conditions in which our remote ancestors lived We call these people 'primitives' not because they are simpler than we are - their processes of thought are often more complicated than ours - but because they are closer to the state from which all mankind once emerged Among these primitives, there is no difference between building and image-making as far as usefulness is concerned Their huts are there to shelter them from rain, wind and sunshine and the spirits which produce them; images are made to protect them against other powers which are to them as real as the forces of nature P ictures and statues, in other words are used to work magic It is difficult to understand these strange beginnings of art unless one can enter the mind of the primitive peoples and find out

Complete Guide on How to Write a Medicine Research Paper

Complete Guide on How to Write a Medicine Research Paper In general, the faculty of Medical Sciences offers students three main degree programs that include Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Health Sciences, Bachelor of Health Sciences in Medical Laboratory Science. Want to get one of these degrees? Be ready to create the best medicine research paper writing. This research field may include a number of disciplines like Anatomy, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, and the others that are studied by students through research paper writing. To begin with, completing a research paper requires a set of good academic writing skills. A research paper on Medical Sciences is considered to be a scientific writing assignment that the majority of college undergraduates have to complete during their course. A number of students have some sufficient knowledge regarding one or another issue. But still, some of them face particular challenges while working on their written projects related to the field. Indeed, it is important to understand some essential peculiarities of research papers. Firstly, there is a basic structure to which you’re required to stick. Otherwise, your research paper won’t be coherent that makes it hard to use as a basis of the future analyses. Secondly, a research paper is written according to a formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) In the case with a medical research paper, you can be asked to use AMA that is characterized for medicine, health, and biological sciences. Thirdly, there is a variety of topics to cover in a research paper. All these and other important points of successful research paper writing are presented in the article. Go on reading to get closer to an A/A+ research paper on Medical Sciences. Choose a Research Problem and Find a Topic of Your Paper Firstly, you have to select a particular medical science issue to explore in a written form. There are some medicine research paper writing tips that can be useful for choosing the most appropriate topic of your college writing assignment. Firstly, make sure that the potential topics spark your interest as a young researcher. Answer the questions such as: Is it relevant to the field of study I will write my research paper? Is it interesting to research a particular topic? Does a specific topic contribute to the field of study? What is known about a research topic? If your answers provide you with the certainty that you are able to write on a particular topic, your chances to submit an A+ assignment are increasing. Secondly, make an attempt to find a topic for your writing on which you will have the opportunity to find a sufficient amount of information on. It is quite time-saving. However, don’t choose a topic that is thoroughly-investigated. This way you can just restate the well-known facts on Medicine. It is a field that requires new and new data to maintain the health of organisms. Thirdly, look for the materials that might be useful for your writing by taking notes on what a source is. It will be simpler to come back to an information source when you determine what topic you choose to write on. Finally, you have to narrow your research topic by relying on the materials you find among the credible sources. Yes, it may seem to be extra work to do the background research on a topic that won’t give any result. But be sure these vital step will help you develop the most effective topic for your research. You will get pleasure out of the writing process. Sometimes, college undergraduates are given a chance to find a research problem for their writing assignment. Hence, in the case, if you are free to choose a topic, try to focus on the specific fields of your interest. They may include different aspects of mental health, nutrition, substance abuse, aging, genetics, and other issues. An interesting example of a medical research assignment is the paper entitled â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention†. In this paper, it is needed to discuss the most common obesity-related health disorders faced by overweight children. Another part of the research paper may examine different ways of preventing this health issue. Additionally, you can look at the following list of topics on Medical Sciences List of the Medical Research Topics To Get Started Right Now Physician-Assisted Suicide Description, Evaluation, and Response; Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation; Health Consequences of Eating Disorders; Skin Cancer Definition, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment; Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Its Benefits and Drawbacks. 3 Basic Pre-Writing Steps to Take for Success in Writing If you want the medicine research paper writing to flow smoothly, this section of the guide may be useful for you. So never neglect the basic prewriting steps. Use some important tips and recommendations related to the prewriting stage of research paper writing: Time management is one of the most important factors that influences your academic performance. Since each college assignment has a particular submission deadline date, you have to identify how much time is available to complete a research paper. For example, you can make a schedule what and when you will do to write a research paper. When you have chosen a research problem, define a topic of your paper, it is highly recommended to create an outline. You can use your computer to construct a brief and concise outline of your written assignment or do it on paper. As a result, you manage to organize your ideas in a logical and coherent manner. Keep it in front of your eyes to follow the flow of thoughts referring to the available resources needed for your research. In this case, an outline will help you find relevant sources faster without taking significant efforts. You can try brainstorming or free writing techniques to write the first draft of your research paper. Brainstorming is a considerably useful technique for writing the main ideas that will be mentioned in the paper. In this case, you can use bullet points or mind maps. Regarding another technique known as freewriting, you should write complete sentences and do not pay attention to the grammar and punctuation issues. The Only Structure of Medical Sciences Research Paper An academic research paper usually consists of parts without which it would look quite messy and difficult to follow the ideas. The structure that works for research papers includes an introduction, several main parts of the body and a conclusion. In most cases, body paragraphs of such scientific papers contain three main parts that are known as Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Such a structure of a research paper is regarded as the IMRaD format. However, some types of medical research papers, like clinical reviews have another structure. Ask an instructor about it. In addition to the basic structure, you may need to include some parts like Table of Contents, Acknowledgements, and Appendices. Writing an Outline for Medical Research First of all, an outline is regarded as a well-organized description of a research paper. Using this type of writing assignment, you have the opportunity to present your ideas in a logical sequence and coherent way. Respectively, an outline consists of an introduction, main body, and a conclusion. For illustration purposes, we can use the clinical review â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention†. The introductory part of your outline should be informative and engaging. Hence, your introduction should include a hook, which provokes the readers’ interest, and an effective thesis statement. A thesis statement is the main idea of your research that should be developed in the following parts of the paper. For instance, taking into account the topic mentioned above, a thesis of this paper should describe the impact of this disorder on the individuals’ health as well as the ways of its prevention. In turn, the body paragraphs should present the arguments related to your thesis that are supported by a scientific evidence. While creating a strong final part of your research paper, you have to provide a concise summary of the main ideas discussed in the paper. Writing a Scientific Research Abstract In general, an abstract is considered to be a brief overview of your medical research paper. The abstract for the other types of writing assignments is written in the same manner. Keep in mind that a good abstract has a particular structure you should follow. This section of the paper should discuss the importance of your research topic. Additionally, do not forget to mention the goal of your research. In this part, you can include the methods used to investigate the given topic. These points may include the design of your study, its variables, and some types of intervention used to manipulate the variables. Then, summarize your findings and try to connect the results of your research to the thesis statement. In the case, if you are assigned to write a medical literature review, this preopening part of the scientific research paper is usually regarded as an informative abstract. First of all, it should be written after the paper is already completed. In the informative abstract, you have to provide a brief and concise summary of your main thesis as well as the most important findings. Apart from that, it is essential to mention all the medical studies you have used in the process of writing the paper. 5 Tips to Write a Good Abstract State the purpose of your research and its main findings; Be concise while summarizing your arguments; Discuss the importance of your research findings; Describe the research methods that help you to get these findings; Include more than 250 and less than 500 words. X Main Components of a Medical Literature Review This section of the paper will be focused on the knowledge about a research topic and its analytical review. Let’s consider the example of the medical research paper on a topic â€Å"Childhood Obesity Epidemic Its Risks, Effects, and Prevention† that has been already mentioned. In this case, you are required to write an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. In the introductory part, you should identify a topic of the research and provide the background knowledge regarding this issue. In addition, it is required to introduce an appropriate context that will define your search of the literary materials. The introductory part of any research paper should contain a scope of the review. Taking into account the given topic related to obesity, this paper should include a general information not only regarding the dynamics of this health issue but also concerning the importance of your research. Another main component of the medical literature review is the main body. The interesting thing is that this section does not require the maintenance of a single structure, and all the body paragraphs may be organized in a different manner. In general, the structure of this section is fully dependent on the topic of the research. Coming back to our research paper topic, the main body of this writing can be broken up into three key sections. While the first one will be focused on the numerous risks of childhood obesity, the other two will describe the effects of this health issue and the preventative measures that could be taken. In conclusion, it is required to restate the thesis of the medical research paper. Respectively, you should analyze all the ideas mentioned in the paper and provide a brief summary of your research. Lastly, make sure that your conclusions regarding this health care issue are built on the scientific studies you have used in the paper. Editing and Proofreading as Final Stages of Your Writing The notion of proofreading involves the process of checking the paper for different errors. These errors may be either grammatical or typographical. What to do while proofreading a research paper? Use the following 3 tips on proofreading: Make sure that your paper is free of different grammatical errors. Such errors may be related to the use of tenses, the issue of subject-verb agreement, and the problem of incorrect word choices. Check your research paper for punctuation mistakes. The most common punctuation errors include the overuse of commas and semicolons, the interchange of hyphens and dashes, and the use of apostrophes. Find some spelling mistakes in your research paper. Pay close attention to the common spelling mistakes in English to avoid them in your paper. The editing stage is another important part of the revision process. Contrary to the proofreading stage, it is related to the structure of the paper as well as to its formatting issues. Your research paper can be edited on the following levels: Content. First of all, you should check whether your paper is written according to the given instructions. Make sure that your claims are clear and consistent and that your argument is complete. The adequacy of your evidence should be checked as well. Structure of a research paper. From this perspective, you should check whether your writing assignment has a clear introduction and an effective conclusion. A thesis statement should be included in the introductory part, and all paragraphs should be written in a logical sequence. Style correspondence. This issue implies the necessity to check whether the tone of your research paper is appropriate. Depending on the purpose of your paper, it can be formal, informal, or persuasive. Citations. Make sure that all your sources are cited according to the paper format required in the initial instructions. Common Mistakes That You Should Avoid in a Research Paper Use of the spoken language. Since your medical science research paper should be written using formal style, you cannot use the common language while writing your paper. In this case, try to use the alternative genders and pronouns. In addition, you can use the plural forms of nouns and pronouns to avoid using the gender-inclusive language. Use of non-credible sources. In the research paper, you have to use only reliable sources of information. Such sources may include books, academic publications, scientific articles that were taken from different medical journals, and the publications that can be found on the governmental websites. Inconsistent data and numerals introduced in the paper. In this case, it is highly recommended to introduce all the data in the medical research paper only after double checking. Follow this guide to make sure that it is not so difficult to write a research paper on Medicine even if it is late at night. You may be still in your room finishing some revisions and getting ready to submit your paper. Feel happy that you managed to finish a year’s worth of work as you know how to do the best medical research.

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue Research Proposal

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue - Research Proposal Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principal (GAAP) with regard to recognition of revenue is covered by FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.5. As per paragraph 83 of said SFAC No.5 , revenue â€Å"recognition involve consideration of two factors, a) being realized and realizable, and b) being earned, with some time one and sometimes the other being the most important consideration†. Both criteria are required to be accomplished before the revenue is recognized. The revenue is treated as realized when cash is received for sale of product; and revenue is termed as realizable when a promise to pay is received and that may be either verbal promise to pay or written in the shape of notes receivable. The second condition is that the revenue must be earned. Revenue is treated as earned when enforceable exchange takes place of considerations. That is to say deliveries of goods have been given and promise to pay has been received. Take the case of credit sales where goods have delivered at the time transaction was entered into. In such a transaction a verbal promise to pay has been created on acceptance of delivery by buyer. Accordingly it can be said that revenue has been earned at the time of occurrence of a verbal promise to pay. Again as per SFAC No.5 before recognition of a transaction four basic criteria namely, the arising of basic element of asset or liability or change in equity through such transaction, measurability, relevance, and reliability, are required to be fulfilled.

Celebrities Endorsement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Celebrities Endorsement - Essay Example This model can be employed by the brand managers of a company for the selection of entities for their respective celebrity endorsement initiatives and also for capitalizing and leveraging on the accessible celebrity resources through the use of a 360 degree model of brand communication which acts as the primary platform for assessing the impact and outcomes of celebrity endorsement on the popularity and positioning of a company. Celebrity endorsement has emerged as one of the most popular techniques used in advertising in the contemporary corporate world. Celebrity endorsement is perceived as a metaphorical trend and a winning formula in the domain of marketing, advertising and brand perception building for a wide category of companies. The choice of a celebrity for the advertisement of any particular product or service is one of the most crucial and tough decisions that is faced by the brand manager of a company. This is because, once a celebrity is chosen for the endorsement of the brand or the product, then the customers and stakeholders of the company automatically establish a direct sense of association between the enduring celebrity and the company and its products (Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier, 2002). Celebrity endorsement is a commonly used marketing and branding strategy that is employed by different marketing and branding managers of a company to promote brands, services or products. Though initially, the celebrity endorsement strategy of marketing was significantly used in the skincare and cosmetic brands, nowadays, celebrity endorsements have become an important marketing strategy for all types of industries and companies. celebrity endorsement is considered to be highly effective marketing strategies because they can easily trigger public interest and awareness and also draw their attention to buying the particular product or service of a company.

Busines organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Busines organization - Essay Example ts have regarded the debts of the corporation to be that of its shareholders, thereby piercing the corporate veil.2 The separate legal existence of a company was established by the court in the Salomon case. 3 As such, in Salomon v Salomon, 4 their Lordships created the rule that a company constitutes a separate legal entity that is distinct from its members. 5 This provided the direction to contemporary company law and the character of private limited companies. 6 European statutory provisions have incorporated this significant maxim. The objective behind providing for a separate legal persona and limited liability is to promote investment, foster trade and to furnish entrepreneurs with an incentive to commence new business. 7 In addition, in Adams v Cape Industries plc,8 a complete review of the Salomon ruling was achieved by the Court of Appeal. This case considered liability inside a group of companies. The claimant, moved the court to render the parent company liable for the obligations of the subsidiary company. The Court of Appeal lifted the corporate veil on the basis of the following considerations; namely, faà §ade, agency and single economic unit. 9 In its judgment, the Court of Appeal declared that the corporate veil could be pierced if there was an express agency agreement between the subsidiary company and the parent company. The presumption of an agency relationship, strictly relied upon the presence of such an agreement. 10 The Court, also held that the veil could not be pierced, merely because the defendant company was a member of a group of companies and the corporate framework had been adopted to avert the liability of the defendant company. 11 GHI Ltd was working as a subsidiary of its parent company ABC Ltd. As such, GHI Ltd can be deemed an agent of its parent company ABC Ltd. Furthermore, in DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council,12 Lord Denning of the Court of Appeal held that the group of companies, in question,

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

A Life Cycle Analysis Of A Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. There are about 845,000 dams around the world (Jacquot, 2009), the cumulative impact of all these dams could be enormous. So, it is essential to minimise the impacts due to dam construction on lives, property and environment. Identifying possible impacts, calculating risk and minimising the risk through the adoption of various techniques could help to lower the overall impacts. Major hazards associated with Dams throughout their lifecycle (Reservoir): Construction Phase: Construction of large infrastructure like dams demands massive amount of construction material, excavation process and vehicles, which directly impacts on the environment and society. Most of the equipments and vehicle engage on such activities use fossil fuel as the principal source of energy and contribute to the green house gas emission. The estimated emission from Glen Canyon dam during its construction phase was calculated as 800,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The risk of accidents due to the vehicles, construction activity and excavation process to the worker is probable. The construction site could be of special interest for some animal or plant, so this activity may lead to the disappearance such plant/animal from that area for ever. Operation Phase: The operation of dams also poses threat to the environment and people. The threat of dam failure during the operation phase due to various reasons may cause huge loss of life and property. There is always threat of drawing of people on the dam. The emission during this phase from the decay of biomass in the reservoir is obvious; the emission from the Glen Canyon dam during its operation phase was estimated to be 3,500,000 metric ton of CO2 equivalent (Pacca, 2002). The failure of dam is the most destructive event of the entire lifecycle of dam. The details on dam failure are discussed separately below. Decommissioning Phase: This is the last stage of the life cycle of dam, this stage pose threat of sweeping the downstream areas (settlements, infrastructure, etc) and the lives. The emission from this stage is found as largest in comparison with construction and operation. The emission from the decommissioning of the Glen Canyon dam was calculated as 33,000,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (Pacca,2002), which was more than nine times the emission from the entire operation phase. Though the decommissioning work is done in controlled manner, the loss of property would not be as the dam failure. Environmental and Social consequences throughout a dams life: Construction Phase: Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years is to be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Transportation, excavation and construction: The movement of vehicles during the construction of dam contributes to emission to some extent and equally disturb the ecology there. The excavation and construction process both impact the ecology locally. Air pollution due to the dust can be expected. Operation Phase: Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane Generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, and Municio,1998). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer (Boyle, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, 1982). Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land is to be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Decommissioning Phase: Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, 2001). Dam Failure: One of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are (ICOLD, 1973): Overtopping Foundation defects Piping and seepage Conduits and valves Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding Causes of Dam Failure that occurred between 1075- 2001(NPDP, 2007) (Adopted from historic records of Dam Performance, 2007) On the basis of the above graph it can be said that, flood or overtopping of the dam wall stand far ahead from other causes of dam failure. Seepage and piping is on second position and rest of all are responsible for very less number of dam failures, this graph proves that the overtopping of dam is the major causes of dam failures. Cost of Dam Break: The cost of dam break consists of two components; reconstruction cost of dam and economic loss due to destruction and inundation downstream (Kuo, et al, 2008). Cost and Benefit from Dam: Dam construction is an expensive work and demands huge sum of money, but it provides extremely necessary things for running the society and development like energy and water for drinking and irrigation purpose. On the other hand it has some impacts on society and environment, some of which needs lots of money and time for restoration while others are irreparable. So construction of dam has its own pros and cons. Ways to minimise the occurrence of dam failure: Dam failure is the most destructive incident in the entire life cycle of dam, which may cause huge loss of life and property. So it is essential to ensure the safety of dam in order to protect the life and property. Some of the important steps essential for the reduction of dam failure and its impacts are as follows (MDE, 1996): Strict legislation should be promulgated by government for the construction of dam/ Reservoir. Routine deformation monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is necessary and if found faulty, corrective measure should be taken. In case of wall fracture, rock grouting (pressure pumping of cement slurry) can be done to reduce the risk of dam failure. Regular monitoring and maintenance could help a lot to prevent dam failure. Early warning system should be incorporated in the reservoir system to protect people and property downstream, in case of dam failure. Dam construction should not be allowed in the area of high seismic activity. Most of the nations make safety programme for the protection of dam. In USA most of the states are responsible for the safety of dams within their boundary and to ensure the safety they regularly follow the following procedure (Lane, 2008); Evaluate the safety of existing dam. Review plans and specification for safety and regulatory programme. Carry out periodic inspection on construction on new and existing dams. Review and approval of emergency action plan. Some measures to reduce other impacts on and due to dams: Management of catchment of river can help to reduce sedimentation on dam, which may include plantation on the catchment area, adoption of landside and erosion control measures for the upstream area of dam. The periodic cleaning of dams can help to reduce the load of sediments within a dam and help to reclaim the capacity to its original form. Fish ladder can help to restore fish migration to some extent. (source) The calculation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and estimation of probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probability of average return period for that river, could help to design the dam properly (CSCD,1985), which could prevent dam from failure. Monitoring should be carried out to control the breeding of mosquitoes in dam, if found, mosquito larvae must be controlled with the approved mosquito larvicide, so that the other aquatic organism will have minimal impacts from larvicide (DHF,2006). Rich picture of Dam and associated Impacts A Rich Picture illustrating impacts of dam on various aspects of environment and society Risk of Dam Failure with age: Percentage of different age groups of dam failures in Russia in comparison with the failures of world dams. (Adopted from Management of Impounded Rivers, Wang and Melching, 2007). Though age is one of the important factor for the dam failure as the walls and other infrastructures erodes or weakens with age, but it is not only the factor that causes dam failure; faulty structures, extreme weather events, sabotage, seismic activities etc also trigger to dam failure. The above graph showed that the highest number of dam failure was in the age group 0-10, which then gradually decreases as the age group increases. The defective structure can lead to dam failure even at its early age while the well constructed and well maintained dam can serve over hundred years. On the basis of above graph it can be said that aging in not the primary factor for dam failure and proper maintenance can lengthen the life span of dam despite of age, and does not show clear correlation with dam failure. One probable reason of less number of dam failures of the aged dam could be the proper maintenance and decommissioning before the dam failure occurs. Risk Assessment of dam failure: Risk assessment was calculated on the basis of data from Annex-3. High severity condition Total Occurrence= 11 Average time taken to repeat the events for the class IA (with more than 300 deaths) =11.1 year Average Death calculated=1111.1 Risk=Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths)=1/11.1-1111.1=0.09-1111.1=99.99 Therefore, Risk=99.99 per 11.1 year Risk calculation for overall dam failure Total occurrence of dam failure=46 Average gap between successive events=0.39 year Average death per event=357.91 Risk= Frequency (event/ unit time) -Magnitude (Deaths) Therefore, Risk= 1/0.39-357.91=2.6-357.91=930.5 person per 0.39 year Conclusion: References: Allen, C,R, 1982, Reservoir Induced Earthquakes and Engineering Policy, California Geology, 35, 11 Bednarek, A,T, 2001,Undamming Rivers: A Review of the Ecological Impacts of Dam Removal, Environmental Management, 27,803-814. Boyle, G, 2004, Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University, Oxford CSCD,1985, Safety of Dams: Flood and Earthquake Criteria, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. DHF, 2006,Guidelines for Preventing Mosquito Breeding Sites Associated with Aquaculture Development in NT,Department of Health and Families, Darwin Gleick, P.H., 2009, Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China, Water Brief, 3, 139-150. Grant, E, G, et al, 2003, A Geological Framework For Interpreting Downstream Effects Of dams On Rivers, Water Science and Application 7, 209-225 Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998, 2nd International Symposium in Civil Engineering, Budapest Hossain, F, et al, 2009, Local Climate Change, EOS, 90,453-468 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam, assessed on 4 March, 2010. http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/srdamsafety.pdf, assessed on 20 May, 2010 http://npdp.stanford.edu/npdphome/Historic%20Performance%20of%20Dams.pdf, assessed on 20 May ,2010. http://www.damsafety.org/, assessed on 20 March, 2010 International Committee on Large Dams (ICOLD, 1973),Lessons from Dam Incidents,Reduced Edition, Paris Jacqot,J,2009, Numbers Dams; From Hoover to Three Gorges to the crumbling ones, Environmental Policy, http://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/08-dams-hoover-three-gorges-crumbling-ones, assessed on 17 May 2010. Kuo,J,T, et al, 2008,Dam Over Topping Risk Assessment Considering Inspection Programme, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 22, 303-313 Lane,N, 2008,Aging Infracture: Dam Safety, Congressional Research Service McGivering, J, 2006, Three Gorges Dams Social Impact, BBC , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/asia-pacific/5000198.stm, assessed on 3 March 2010. MDE, 1996, Maryland Dam Safety Manual, Association of State Dam Safety Officials Pacca,S, 2007, Impacts from Decommissioning of Hydroelectric Dams: A life Cycle Prospective, Climate Change, 84, 281-294 Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.. Positive and Negative Impacts of Dam on the Environment, International Congress on River Basin Management, 760-769 Wang,Z,Y, and Melching, S, 2007, Management of Impounded Rivers Yewhalaw, D, et al, 2005, Malaria and Water Resource development: The Case of Gilgel-Gibe Hydroelectric Dam in Ethopia, Malar. J, 8, 21 Annex-1 (Part-A) PLAGARISM DECLARATION I declare that the work I am submitting for assessment contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other sources unless it is explicitly identified by means of quotation marks. I declare that I have also acknowledged such quotation by providing detailed references in an approved format. I understand that either or both unidentified and unreferenced copying constitutes plagiarism, which is one of a number of very serious offences under the universitys code of practice on the Use of Unfair Means. Student No- 200910979 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A DAM CONTENTS PAGE NO. INTRODUCTION: 3 Major hazards associated with Dam: 3 Major environmental issues associated with dam 3-4 Catastrophes (Dam failure): Siltation Methane generation Fish migration Resettlement of people Fertility of the downstream plains Local climate change Impact on biodiversity Induced earthquakes Agricultural/ loss of forests Spread of disease Archaeological sites Decommissioning Key questions for part B 5 Draft Plan 5 References 6 Word Count- 1076 Word Limit- 1000 INTRODUCTION: Dams are built for various purposes; the major function includes hydroelectric power generation, drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control, recreation etc. But the different incidents and studies done by several researchers proved that these large dams made for these purposes, also simultaneously pose substantial threats to the life, property and the environment throughout their lifecycle. The impacts may be different in different phases, namely construction, operation and decommissioning phase. Yes, but what is th eproblem situation or concern? Major hazards associated with Dam: Dam failure: one of the most obviously harmful effect of large dam is seen, when it falls. The underlying causes may be different in each case. Some of the major causes are: Seismic event damage Failure of dam due to internal water pressure. Failure of dam due to prolonged period of rainfall and flooding. Threat to human life due to drowning in dam. Major environmental issues associated with dam: Catastrophes (Dam failure): Dam failure often results huge loss of life, property and environment. During 20th century some 200 dam failures caused more than ten thousand people outside China and in the year 1975 only about quarter of million people were perished in the series of hydroelectric dam failure in China (Boyle, G, 2004). Siltation: Rivers carry sediment loads, the amount vary according to the characteristics of the catchment area and the velocity of the running water. The construction of dam reduces the velocity of the river thus helping sediment to settle down within the reservoir. If the sediment deficit exit due to this in river, the channel can be expected to evacuate sediment from its bed and banks in the downstream effecting the environment there (Grant,2003). Methane generation: Hydro power was considered to be the renewable that produce no greenhouse gases. According to Boyle, G (2009), a report by the world commission on dams (WCD, 2000, Anon, 2001), the decaying of vegetable matter in an anaerobic condition produces methane (CH4), when the land is flooded with hydro project. Fish migration: Fish are affected directly by the obstruction like dam on its course. The most commonly affected species like Salmon, which needs to go upstream for spawning, can be obstructed from their spawning place. Inundation of the spawning grounds within the reservoir, periodic inundation and drying out of spawning ground and refuge area downstream of the dam further hampers the fishs activity. (Harvath, E, and Municio, M. A. T.,1998). Resettlement of people: Construction of Dam requires huge area of land, which is often acquired by displacing people from that place. People are often forced to leave their inherited land giving them psychological stress and the resettlement to the new location often alters the existing environment there. In China Three Gorges Dam have already displaced a million people and still another 80000 are to be moved till its final stage, 1200 villages and 2 major towns have had to be abandoned and rebuilt (McGivering, 2006). Fertility of the downstream plains: The downstream part of dam loose the nutrient containing soil, which used to receive during flooding. After the building of the Aswan dam, in 1960s, the land downstream no longer receives the soil and nutrients previously carried by the annual Nile flood. The agricultural system has been destroyed in the downstream and to be replaced and is replaced by irrigation and chemical fertilizer(Boyle, G, 2004). Local climate change: Increased precipitation has been observed after the construction of dam, the physical process by which large scale surface evaporation triggers in the precipitation recycling in such area (Hossain, F, et al, 2009). Changes in the air moisture percentage, air temperature, air movement in big scale can be caused by big scale dam (Tahmiscioglu, M, S, et al,.). Impact on biodiversity: In some cases building of dams disturb the habitat of critically endangered species too, the winter shelter of Siberien Crane and the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin, are found to be affected by the three gorges dam (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam). Induced earthquakes: large reservoirs can cause seismic events as they fill, as the pressure on local faults increases (ICE 1981). The seismic activity of magnitude 5.7 was recorded in Lake Oroville in Butte county of California in June 1982(Allen, C,R, 1982) Agricultural/ loss of forests: In many cases, the construction of dam covers the productive agricultural land which used to be the means of sustenance for the local people and in many cases clear some part of forest destroying natural ecosystem. About 1400 hector of agricultural land will be submerged because of the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Spread of disease (increase in disease carrying vectors, e.g. mosquito): Study carried out by Yewhalaw, D, et al (2005), found that the impoundment can act as breeding ground for vectors like mosquito, and found that the children living near to dam are at greater risk of plasmodium infection than the children living away. Archaeological sites: In some cases even the archaeological sites also get destroyed due to dam construction. More than 100 archaeological sites, some dating back over 12000 years will be submerged due to the three gorge dam (Gleick, P.H., 2009). Decommissioning: Even though, decommissioning of dams help to restore the reverine ecosystem to its natural condition, some short term negative effect such as sediment mobilisation, contaminated material and threat of super saturation can be seen (Bednarek, A,T, 2001). Key questions for part B: Answer to the following questions will be searched in the second part of this case study: What are the major hazards associated with dam and how the risk can be minimised? What are the approaches practised to minimise the impact on dam on environment and human? How the dam induced impact like sedimentation, obstruction on the fish migration route and increase in diseases carrier vector can be regulated? How the regulating body ensure the safety of dam? How the factors like politics and economy affect in the construction of dam? Draft Plan: Introduction Major hazards associated with Dam (Reservoir) Causes of Dam failure The possible impacts of such hazards Measures to minimise the impacts Environmental Issues associated with Dam Impact on agriculture and forest Impact on fish migration Impact on biodiversity Measures practised to minimise the impact Socio economic impact of Dam Abandonment and resettlement of displaced people Damages to ancient heritage (archaeological structure) Ways to minimise the damage to ancient heritage Cost Benefit Analysis of Dam Conclusion

Documentation and Fabrication in Phonography :: Music Essays

Documentation and Fabrication in Phonography ABSTRACT: In most general terms, my paper is about the mixture of agendas in the recording industry, where documentation, with its apparently educational implications, becomes difficult to distinguish from a range of distinct, even opposed, goals—which I group under the heading "fabrication." After a few historical remarks, I develop the concept of what I call works of phonography (WPs)—that is, sound-constructs created by the use of recording machinery. (Examples: rap music recordings, electronic compositions for tape machine, sonic pastiche's by pop groups such as Art of Noise.) I detail their ontological characteristics, as contrasted the features of ordinary musical works. WPs are—I claim—replete. (Their finest sonic details are constitutive of them.) They are autographic. (Authenticity of their instances is not tested by the allographic criteria we associate with ordinary musical works, namely, compliance with scores.) And they are phono-accessibleâ⠂¬â€that is, accessible only through playbacks of authentic instances of their record artifacts, e.g., cassette tapes, CDs, etc. I then turn to Theodore Gracyk's recent study of rock music (in his book Rhythm and Noise), arguing that his account is formally similar to my account of WPs. This raises the question of whether there be counter-examples to Gracyk's account—particularly of the sort that show his view to be too broad. I bring this to a focus finally by a comparison of rock recordings with jazz recordings—two classes that Gracyk tries to keep ontologically distinct. I argue that many classic jazz recordings are artifacts of the recording studio, no less than those Gracyk identifies as pure cases of rock music. In the same vein, I argue that, once recorded, the improvisational music of jazz is deformed—indeed, that it acquires features of WPs. This has the further implication that Gracyk cannot preserve his sharp distinction between rock and jazz records that he want's to maintain. I. Like Evan Eisenberg, who argued that sound recording has opened up entirely new kinds of musical experience unknown in the age of mere live performance,(1) Ted Gracyk has opened his ears to what Walter Benjamin had to say about mechanical reproduction. Both see sound recording not as a mere convenience but as fraught with broader implications. In his recent book, Gracyk has brilliantly described, not only the phenomenology of rock sound, but how the technology has made possible a type of musical work unknown in the age of mere live music.(2) The recording industry has lived mainly by what might be the called transparency perspective, according to which the analogy for a sound recording is a transparent window pane through which we can view, undistorted, the object of our interest.